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Research, with context.

S-equol

Explore selected research on S-equol. Read what was studied, how it relates to our formula, and what its limitations mean.

S-EQUOL PLUS research example · Three selected studies, not a systematic review or a complete product evidence database.

← Our Approach

3 studies

Biological formation · simplified
DaidzeinPrecursor molecule
Conversion by certain gut bacteria
Varies between people
S-equolFormed metabolite
Fig. 2 — Conceptual pathway; intermediate steps omitted. Not a manufacturing process or experimental result.

Setchell et al. · 2005

Identifying S-equol and its formation

Study type
Mechanistic / analytical; human pharmacokinetic component
Product relevance
Mechanistic relevance

Human samples and cultured intestinal flora supported S-equol formation from daidzein.

Limitations
Very small pharmacokinetic sample. Not a trial of menopausal symptom relief or of DR.MORGAN S-EQUOL PLUS.

Atkinson et al. · 2004
7 producersHuman faecal samples
6 nonproducersComparison samples
5 daysLaboratory incubation
Study design summary. A laboratory model of conversion; not a clinical outcome or product test.

Atkinson et al. · 2004

Why conversion can differ between people

Study type
In-vitro human faecal incubation
Product relevance
Mechanistic relevance

The experiments examined differences in bacterial conversion of daidzein to equol.

Limitations
Laboratory model and small selected sample; does not measure symptom improvement or establish a population percentage.

Aso et al. · 2012 · Trial design
160participants randomized
Natural S-equol
10 mg / dayPlacebo
comparison
12 weeks126 participants completed
Fig. 3 — Design of a study using a different formulation. This is not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial.

Aso et al. · 2012

S-equol supplementation and hot flashes

Study type
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Product relevance
Relevant ingredient evidence; different finished formulation

A natural S-equol preparation providing 10 mg/day showed a greater reduction in hot-flash frequency than placebo.

Limitations
The tested SE5-OH preparation differs from our synthetic S-equol plus Genistein formula. This is not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial. Population, attrition and duration limit generalization.

Improvement of tissue-specific distribution and biotransformation potential of nicotinamide mononucleotide in combination with ginsenosides or resveratrol.

population

Male C57/BL6 mice aged 6–8 weeks; 3 animals per group per sampling time

study_dose

NMN 500 mg/kg plus resveratrol 50 mg/kg, administered sequentially by mouth

duration

Acute sampling at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours

summary

Co-administration changed tissue NAD+ responses compared with NMN alone, including higher measured levels in heart and skeletal muscle.

limitations

Small animal experiment, not a human trial or longevity study. No resveratrol-only arm or formal interaction analysis establishing synergy. The study used a 10:1 mass ratio; this product supplies 2:1. These measurements cannot predict tissue changes at this product’s dose.

product_relevance

Direct combination research background; not evidence of clinical synergy for this finished product.

funding_and_conflicts

Authors declared no conflicts; funding not fully assessed.

Read original study ↗

Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Healthy Subjects.

population

30 healthy adults; 15 NMN and 15 placebo

study_dose

NMN 250 mg/day

duration

12 weeks

summary

Blood NAD+ increased with NMN supplementation; the monitored physiological and laboratory assessments did not identify obvious adverse effects over the study period.

limitations

Small, short trial of NMN alone at a different dose. A blood biomarker increase does not establish longer life or broad clinical benefit, and short-term tolerability is not a universal safety guarantee.

product_relevance

NAD+ precursor and human biomarker context; not this 160 mg + 80 mg formula.

funding_and_conflicts

Funded by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences; several authors were employees and supplied study material. Additional facility support is listed in the paper.

Read original study ↗

Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women.

population

25 postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity and prediabetes

study_dose

NMN 250 mg/day

duration

10 weeks

summary

Researchers reported improved skeletal-muscle insulin sensitivity and insulin signalling in this specific study population.

limitations

Small, selected population; NMN alone and a different dose. Not a diabetes-treatment claim, not a longevity endpoint, and not a trial of DR.MORGAN NMN 9600 PLUS.

product_relevance

Human ingredient research, specific to the population and outcomes studied.

funding_and_conflicts

NIH/NIA/NIDDK and other grants are indexed in yoshino-core.json; complete conflict disclosure not assessed in the retrieved abstract.

Read original study ↗

Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men.

population

42 older men randomized; 22 participants’ 12-week data excluded after supplement-allocation error

study_dose

NMN 250 mg/day

duration

6 and 12 weeks

summary

Blood NAD+ increased. Exploratory walking-speed and left-hand grip findings were nominally significant; body composition did not significantly change.

limitations

A supplier allocation error substantially reduced the 12-week analysis. Exploratory multiple comparisons were not corrected. The mobility findings require confirmation.

product_relevance

Secondary human context; read with the methodological caveat.

funding_and_conflicts

Funded by Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences, which supplied NMN; three authors were employees.

Read original study ↗

Long-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in Mice.

population

Normally ageing C57BL/6N mice

study_dose

NMN 100 or 300 mg/kg/day in drinking water

duration

12 months

summary

Long-term administration affected several age-associated metabolic and physiological measures in mice.

limitations

Animal physiology study with doses unlike this product. The reported findings do not demonstrate human lifespan extension or this finished product’s effects.

product_relevance

Background on why NAD+ precursors are investigated in ageing biology.

funding_and_conflicts

Not fully assessed; independence cannot be assessed from the available disclosure.

Read original study ↗

Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans.

population

11 men with obesity

study_dose

Resveratrol 150 mg/day

duration

30 days per intervention

summary

The small crossover study reported changes in selected metabolic and mitochondrial measurements.

limitations

Short trial, small selected population and a different dose. Other human trials have not reproduced all metabolic benefits; not a human longevity result.

product_relevance

Ingredient research context; read alongside Poulsen 2013.

funding_and_conflicts

Not fully assessed; independence cannot be assessed from the available disclosure.

Read original study ↗

High-dose resveratrol supplementation in obese men: an investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of substrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition.

population

24 otherwise healthy men with obesity

study_dose

trans-Resveratrol 500 mg three times daily (1,500 mg/day)

duration

4 weeks

summary

Resveratrol did not significantly improve the primary insulin-sensitivity outcome or the measured metabolic and inflammatory outcomes.

limitations

Different dose, design and endpoints from the small positive crossover trial. A high-dose null result does not prove this lower-dose formula ineffective; it does limit blanket metabolic-benefit claims.

product_relevance

Necessary context for mixed human findings.

funding_and_conflicts

Investigator-initiated; Danish public and foundation funding listed. Authors reported no other relevant conflicts.

Read original study ↗

Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan.

population

Enzyme assays and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

study_dose

Laboratory exposures; no human oral dose

duration

Laboratory and yeast lifespan experiments

summary

An early paper reported sirtuin-related activity and longer yeast lifespan under its experimental conditions.

limitations

Historical laboratory finding, not human longevity evidence. Later work questioned assay and substrate dependence; the Kaeberlein study provides additional context.

product_relevance

Explains resveratrol’s early place in ageing research, not evidence for a human longevity regimen.

funding_and_conflicts

Not fully assessed; independence cannot be assessed from the available disclosure.

Read original study ↗

Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol.

population

Enzyme assays and three yeast strain backgrounds

study_dose

Laboratory exposures; no human oral dose

duration

Laboratory and yeast experiments

summary

Activation depended on the assay substrate, and the investigators did not detect the claimed yeast lifespan effect in the tested strains.

limitations

Does not settle every mechanism in later studies. It prevents a simplified claim that resveratrol universally switches on a longevity pathway.

product_relevance

Methodological context paired with the 2003 paper.

funding_and_conflicts

Not fully assessed; independence cannot be assessed from the available disclosure.

Read original study ↗

Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet.

population

Middle-aged mice receiving a high-calorie diet

study_dose

Dietary resveratrol; detailed dose not reproduced on the public card

duration

Long-term survival follow-up

summary

Resveratrol improved survival and selected physiological measures compared with the high-calorie-diet control group.

limitations

Specific mouse diet model; not proof of longer life in healthy people. Subsequent standard-diet findings provide additional context.

product_relevance

Historical ageing-research context.

funding_and_conflicts

Competing financial interests declared; details require the journal disclosure.

Read original study ↗

Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span.

population

Mice under different feeding conditions; standard-diet treatment begun at 12 months

study_dose

Dietary resveratrol across experimental regimens

duration

Long-term physiological and survival follow-up

summary

Several age-associated measures improved, but standard-diet mice did not live longer when treatment began in midlife.

limitations

Physiological changes and lifespan are distinct endpoints. Animal results cannot establish human anti-ageing benefits.

product_relevance

Completes the historical story and prevents a selective lifespan claim.

funding_and_conflicts

Not fully assessed; independence cannot be assessed from the available disclosure.

Read original study ↗

PQQ signalling in a cell model

Chowanadisai et al. · 2010 · J Biol Chem

Study type
Cell-culture mechanism study
Product relevance
Mechanistic relevance
Sample / population
Mouse Hepa1–6 cells; replicate count not extracted
Dose
10–30 micromolar PQQ
Duration
24–48 hours
Finding
Mitochondrial measures and CREB/PGC-1alpha signalling changed in the experimental cells.
Limitations
Cell concentrations are not oral capsule doses. This does not establish human mitochondrial growth, energy benefits or anti-aging effects.
Review scope
PubMed abstract refreshed; methods context retained from . No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
record: Mitsubishi Gas Chemical and UC Davis support. Complete disclosures not re-audited.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 19861415 · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M109.030130

Read original study record ↗

PQQ exposure and short-term biomarkers

Harris et al. · 2013 · J Nutr Biochem

Study type
Short human supplementation study, baseline comparisons
Product relevance
Relevant ingredient evidence; different formulation
Sample / population
10 adults
Dose
0.2 mg/kg single dose; 0.3 mg/kg/day in short repeated-dose phase
Duration
Up to 48-hour sampling; 3-day repeated dosing
Finding
Selected inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers changed; one measured antioxidant-capacity endpoint did not change significantly.
Limitations
Small and short; no described placebo arm. Indirect metabolic measures, not clinical benefit or PQQ–CoQ10 synergy.
Review scope
PubMed abstract refreshed; original UC Davis article previously examined in . No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
full-paper review: Mitsubishi Gas Chemical supplied PQQ and partly funded the work; UC Davis support.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 24231099 · DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.008

Read original study record ↗

CoQ10 and exercise-related biomarkers

Gül et al. · 2011 · J Sports Med Phys Fitness

Study type
Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover
Product relevance
Relevant ingredient evidence; different formulation
Sample / population
15 healthy sedentary men
Dose
CoQ10 100 mg/day
Duration
Two 8-week periods
Finding
The abstract reports lower malondialdehyde at selected measurements versus baseline after supplementation.
Limitations
Biochemical exercise outcomes; small male-only sample. No PQQ. Product formulation and full statistical comparisons not verified; no endurance or cardiovascular-event claim.
Review scope
Original PubMed abstract checked; full text unavailable in prior review. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Not reported in the abstract reviewed.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 21681167

Read original study record ↗

Studying a ubiquinol–nicotinamide crystal structure

Zhang et al. · 2023 · Pharmaceutics

Study type
Solid-state characterization, laboratory tests and rat pharmacokinetics
Product relevance
Mechanistic relevance
Sample / population
Laboratory samples; rat PK n=12, six per group
Dose
Rat experiment: single 100 mg/kg; not a human dose
Duration
Stability: open conditions to 28 days; accelerated conditions to 6 months
Finding
A ubiquinol–nicotinamide cocrystal was characterized. Stability and dissolution differed from the tested ubiquinol crystal form under the study conditions.
Limitations
Material experiments and animal PK do not prove clinical benefit, human absorption superiority or shelf life of DR.MORGAN capsules. Commercial batch identity is not established by this paper.
Review scope
Original PMC methods, results context and disclosures checked. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai; authors declare no conflict.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 37896258 · DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102499

Read original study record ↗

Cocrystal ubiquinol: a small pharmacokinetic comparison

Mei et al. · 2026 · Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev

Study type
Double-blind two-period crossover pharmacokinetic pilot
Product relevance
Indirect relevance; different dose/formulation
Sample / population
12 healthy adults
Dose
240 mg softgel regimens; dose from prior source review
Duration
Single-dose periods; 48-hour sampling and 14-day washout in review
Finding
The tested cocrystal ubiquinol softgel produced higher systemic exposure than its ubiquinone comparator.
Limitations
Not conventional ubiquinol as comparator; not DR.MORGAN 100 mg hard capsules. Small single-dose PK study, not evidence of better clinical outcomes. Do not export absorption multipliers into product copy.
Review scope
PubMed abstract and affiliations refreshed; full text challenged/blocked this turn. Dose and funding retained from , not independently re-extracted. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
full-source record: Cocrystal Health Industry funding/product supply; supplier-affiliated author.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 41789786 · DOI 10.1002/cpdd.70042

Read original study record ↗

Spermidine and autophagy in experimental models

Eisenberg et al. · 2009 · Nat Cell Biol

Study type
Mechanistic experiments across model organisms and cultured cells
Product relevance
Mechanistic relevance
Sample / population
Yeast, flies, worms, mice and human cells; no human supplementation trial
Dose
Multiple experimental concentrations; no single human-equivalent dose
Duration
Varied by experimental model
Finding
The experiments linked spermidine exposure with autophagy and lifespan-related outcomes in laboratory models.
Limitations
Cultured human cells are not human clinical participants. These findings cannot establish that this supplement activates autophagy or extends human life.
Review scope
Primary PubMed abstract and original-paper figure context checked. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Complete funding/conflict assessment not extracted; do not label independent.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 19801973 · DOI 10.1038/ncb1975

Read original study record ↗

A year-long trial with no significant primary memory benefit

Schwarz et al. · 2022 · JAMA Netw Open

Study type
Double-masked placebo-controlled SmartAge trial
Product relevance
Indirect relevance; different dose/formulation
Sample / population
100 randomized older adults with subjective cognitive decline; 89 completed
Dose
Wheat-germ extract providing 0.9 mg spermidine/day
Duration
12 months
Finding
The primary memory outcome did not improve significantly versus placebo. Exploratory signals require confirmation.
Limitations
Different source and much lower amount than the owner-supplied 10 mg product label. A null result must not be hidden; exploratory findings do not establish prevention or treatment of cognitive decline.
Review scope
Original PMC methods, primary outcome and disclosures checked. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Public/grant funding; some investigators disclosed commercial equity, advisory or employment ties to The Longevity Labs.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 35616942 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13875

Read original study record ↗

Following spermidine metabolites after oral dosing

Senekowitsch et al. · 2023 · Nutrients

Study type
Triple-blind placebo-controlled crossover PK/metabolomic study
Product relevance
Indirect relevance; different dose/formulation
Sample / population
12 healthy volunteers
Dose
Spermidine 15 mg/day
Duration
Two 5-day periods; 9-day washout
Finding
Plasma spermine increased, while plasma spermidine did not; salivary polyamines did not change.
Limitations
Short exposure and circulating measurements cannot establish long-term outcomes, tissue exposure or that every lower-dose supplement is ineffective. Different dose; no EGT combination.
Review scope
Original PMC design, results and disclosures checked. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Authors report no external funding and no conflicts.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 37111071 · DOI 10.3390/nu15081852

Read original study record ↗

How cells transport ergothioneine

Gründemann et al. · 2005 · PNAS

Study type
Cell-based transporter experiments
Product relevance
Mechanistic relevance
Sample / population
Human OCTN1/SLC22A4 expressed in 293 cells
Dose
Transport assays; no human supplement dose
Duration
Laboratory assays; not a clinical treatment period
Finding
Experiments identified ergothioneine as a physiological substrate of the OCTN1 transporter.
Limitations
Transport biology does not prove product-specific absorption, tissue protection or clinical efficacy.
Review scope
Original PubMed abstract and PMC methods context checked. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Not assessed from the abstract; do not label independent.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 15795384 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.0408624102

Read original study record ↗

Tracking ergothioneine in healthy volunteers

Cheah et al. · 2017 · Antioxid Redox Signal

Study type
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled uptake study
Product relevance
Relevant ingredient evidence; different formulation
Sample / population
45 healthy men aged 21–35; 15 per group
Dose
Ergothioneine 5 or 25 mg/day, or placebo
Duration
7-day dosing; follow-up through day 35
Finding
Blood ergothioneine increased and urinary loss was low. Most measured oxidative-damage/inflammation changes were not statistically significant.
Limitations
Short, small, male-only study; biomarkers rather than clinical outcomes. The 25 mg arm does not make this a trial of the DR.MORGAN spermidine–EGT combination.
Review scope
Original publisher methods, results and disclosures checked. No formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Singapore NMRC funding; Tetrahedron supplied study materials; authors report no competing financial interests.
Formulation match
Not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial

PMID 27488221 · DOI 10.1089/ars.2016.6778

Read original study record ↗

Research in context.

Selected research. Study type, product relevance and limitations are shown separately.

Setchell et al. · 2005

Identifying S-equol and its formation

Study type
Mechanistic / analytical; human pharmacokinetic component
Relevance to DR.MORGAN
Mechanistic relevance
Sample / population
Pharmacokinetic component: 3 healthy adults
Duration
Single-dose pharmacokinetics; in-vitro formation experiments
Finding
Human samples and cultured intestinal flora supported S-equol formation from daidzein.
Limitations
Very small pharmacokinetic sample. Not a trial of menopausal symptom relief or of DR.MORGAN S-EQUOL PLUS.
Quality assessment
Methods and sample context reviewed from abstract; full risk-of-bias appraisal not completed.
Funding / conflicts
PubMed lists NIH support. Complete conflict disclosures not assessed here.
Read original study record

Open full study page →

Research in context.

Selected research. Study type, product relevance and limitations are shown separately.

Atkinson et al. · 2004

Why conversion can differ between people

Study type
In-vitro human faecal incubation
Relevance to DR.MORGAN
Mechanistic relevance
Sample / population
Samples from 7 equol producers and 6 nonproducers
Duration
5-day laboratory incubation
Finding
The experiments examined differences in bacterial conversion of daidzein to equol.
Limitations
Laboratory model and small selected sample; does not measure symptom improvement or establish a population percentage.
Quality assessment
Abstract and original publication record reviewed; formal quality appraisal pending.
Funding / conflicts
Funding and conflicts not verified in this review.
Read original study record

Open full study page →

Research in context.

Selected research. Study type, product relevance and limitations are shown separately.

Aso et al. · 2012

S-equol supplementation and hot flashes

Study type
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Relevance to DR.MORGAN
Relevant ingredient evidence; different finished formulation
Sample / population
160 postmenopausal Japanese equol nonproducers randomized; 126 completed
Duration
12-week intervention
Finding
A natural S-equol preparation providing 10 mg/day showed a greater reduction in hot-flash frequency than placebo.
Limitations
The tested SE5-OH preparation differs from our synthetic S-equol plus Genistein formula. This is not a DR.MORGAN finished-product trial. Population, attrition and duration limit generalization.
Quality assessment
Primary methods, results and disclosures inspected; no formal overall risk-of-bias rating assigned.
Funding / conflicts
Otsuka supplied the preparation and funding; two authors reported consulting fees from Otsuka.
Read original study recordRead original full text

Open full study page →

Evidence, in context.

Three dimensions are recorded separately. One label does not replace the others.

Study type
Clinical trials, systematic reviews, observational studies, mechanistic and preclinical research address different questions.
Relevance to the product
Distinguish finished-product evidence from ingredient evidence and mechanistic relevance. Check the tested formulation, dose and population.
Quality and limitations
Read the sample size, design, duration, population relevance, limitations, and funding or conflicts where available. A study type alone is not a quality rating.

This library contains selected studies, not a complete systematic review. Formal risk-of-bias assessments have not been completed. Missing disclosures are marked in the individual records.

Licensed product information

NPN 80143622 · EquoPro / S-EQUOL PLUS

Recommended use or purpose

May reduce severe and frequent menopausal symptoms (such as hot flashes and/or night sweats).

Medicinal ingredients per capsule

  • S-Equol — 10 mg. Source: S-Equol (Synthetic).
  • Genistein — 16.7 mg AIE. Source: Glycine max — Seed.

Recommended dose

Menopausal and postmenopausal women (18 years and over): 1 capsule, 1 time per day.

Take a few hours before or after taking other medications or health products.

Recommended duration of use

Ask a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician for use beyond 1 year.

Use for at least 2 weeks to see beneficial effects.

Cautions and warnings

  • Ask a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician before use if you are not up-to-date on mammograms and gynaecological evaluations.
  • Ask a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician before use if you are taking blood thinners or any hormone replacement therapy.
  • Ask a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician before use if you have a liver disorder or a history of hormonal or gynaecological disease.
  • Ask a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician if symptoms worsen.

Contra-indications

Do not use if you have or had breast cancer or tumours or a predisposition to breast cancer, as indicated by an abnormal mammogram or biopsy, or a family member with breast cancer.

Known adverse reactions

Stop use and ask a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician if new symptoms develops such as breast pain, a recurrence of menstruation, uterine spotting or liver-related symptoms (e.g. abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine).

Dosage form: Capsule, hard. Route: Oral.

Health Canada licence record

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